Sunday, December 29, 2019

Industrial Revolution Essay - 1189 Words

Several major events in Europe have affected the way of life for people all over the world. First, the Industrial Revolution is very important. As briefly discussed in Question One, the Industrial Revolution was a time when steam-powered machines and factories came into view instead of just agriculture. The Industrial Revolution brought many things. First, machines and systems were made to replace traditional farming, this meant fewer people were needed on farms which results in more jobs being developed and innovation in other areas. Advances in technology and medicine resulted from this as well. Most importantly, products were made faster with machines which allowed the products to be sold cheaper, made faster, and saves time. With†¦show more content†¦The gods didn’t just throw it out of the tree, it fell from gravity. This resulted in the Scientific Method which is used today. As a result, the Enlightenment didn’t just change the way kings ruled, it transfo rmed the way people thought and answered questions. Although the people in Italy at the time didn’t realize it, we look at the Middle Ages as a time of amazing growth, learning, and art. The Renaissance is another important event in European history. It is the transition between the dark ages and modern times. The Renaissance began in southern Italy (Florence) because this area was isolated from the black plague which wiped out many Europeans. Because Italy was isolated, they had a surplus of food and had time to develop their culture and lifestyle whereas other countries had to re-develop their surplus. As Italy now had lots of free time, many developments began through artistic and intellectual activity. When Rome split in two and the East was strong, people brought their things with them to the East which spread ideas. Eventually, the printing press was created which meant more learning and culture because there were now books. Through books, people began to use reason (wh ich ties into the Enlightenment). Through art, people began exploring their natural world and learning about it. They paint a tree, and now they wonder why the tree is there, what caused the tree to grow, how the tree isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history be dived up into three pieces of varying length; hundreds of thousands years before â€Å"the agricultural revolution†, thousands of years between this and the Industrial revolution and the two hundreds years after the beginning of Industrial revolution. BeforeRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Industrial Revolution In the 19th century, America became an industrial country, the powered machinery shifted the industry into mass production. The development of steam engines improved the transportation system, further, increased the production of iron and steel. The textile industries have begun to develop, and produce various products. The industrialization leads to accessible banking, further, deliver telegraph communication to many businesses through locomotive trains. This essayRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial quot;revolutionsquot; throughout European history and non-Eu ropean history. In Europe, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1279 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which reached America. In New England the population was largely English, but America as a whole had more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be found. America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities, rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a people they had been stripedRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay841 Words   |  4 Pages19th century, a period of industrial revolutions transformed the west as it is known and the people living there. The first and second industrial revolutions shaped the west as it is today through changes in manufacturing, labor, and the exchange of ideas and goods. Inventions and ideas of the time changed the way goods are made. Advances in manufacturing, whereas previously, families would work in their homes and rural farms with many workers, after the industrial revolutions, manufacturing was doneRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesDue to the Industrial Revolution, many changes started occurring in this new era such as the factories began to use more mechanics, limiting skill needed to produce products as well as hastening the harvesting of raw materials. Secondarily there was a huge standard of living and wage drop in cities due to urbanization which occurred after the factories created an abundance of jobs. Also, there was a huge shift in the population and there was a massive population growth due to the excess food andRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Industrial Revolution The Agriculture Revolution was a time when people worked the land by using simple hand tools. By the 1800’s, most people in Western Europe and the United States lived on farms. The nation’s economy was based on farming and the making of goods by hand and trading. They lived in rural areas in little cottages lit with firelight and candles. They made their own clothes and grew their own food. The system of making your own clothes was called the putting out systemRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesConditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigatorRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution During the 1800s, phenomenal changes took place in America. These changes would impact our society incredibly for years to come and even still in the present. The major changes that took place were in transportation and industry. American society expanded so much in the early 1800s that it very well could have been the only time in history where this happened in such a short amount of time. From steamboats to railroads and from textile mills to interchangeable parts

Saturday, December 21, 2019

President Roosevelt Steward of the People Essay - 1386 Words

Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States and made a huge impact on the world. Not only was he the youngest President at age 42, but he was also a greatly respected war hero (Theodore Roosevelt). He was also the first US President to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Theodore Roosevelt - Biography). As President, Roosevelt looked at the role of President as a â€Å"steward of the people† (Theodore Roosevelt). Theodore Roosevelt was not only known to be the first modern President but also as a man who worked hard for the people of the United States, an international relationship builder, and the everyday type of person who people liked to be around (Roosevelt). Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27th, 1858 in New York,†¦show more content†¦During the presidential election campaign that year, he separated himself from many of his fellow reformers by supporting the candidacy of Republican James G. Blaine, whose name had been dirtied by charges of il legal behavior in a business-related scandal (Cooper). What had an even bigger blow was the death of his much-loved wife, Alice Hathaway Lee, whom he had married after graduating from Harvard and also the death of his mother (Roosevelt; Cooper). He then left politics and spent the next two years on his cattle ranch in the Dakota Territory (Cooper). His attempt to reenter public life was unsuccessful as he was defeated in a bid to become mayor of New York City in 1886 (Cooper). Theodore still remained active in politics by battling corruption as a member of the U.S. Civil Service Commission and the President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners (Cooper). Later in 1889, President Benjamin Harrison named him to the three-member Civil Service Commission (Roosevelt). Theodore began a steady stream of speechmaking, championing honesty and morality in both the government and politics. In 1895, the New York Mayor, William Strong, made Theodore commissioner of the citys police force (Roosevelt). After Theodore’s two years as commissioner he went to work for President William McKinley as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Roosevelt). In April 1898, Theodore resigned from hisShow MoreRelatedSpeech At The Newtown, Connecticut Prayer Vigil For The Survivors Of The Sandy Hook Event1407 Words   |  6 Pagesmoment in which we can see the true nature of our leader—the president. In Obamas speech at the Newtown, Connecticut prayer vigil for the victims of the sandy hook event, we see a glimpse of what the president means to his people (in Theodore Roosevelt s eyes) and also how Mass media has changed the view of audiences during this tragic event. Following the shooting at the elementary school of Sandy Hook in Newtown, Connecticut President Barack Obama attended the vigil of the victims hosted at aRead MorePresident Theodore Roosevelt : The President Of The United States Of America1210 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States of America. Roosevelt was an adaptive compliant President. He expressed great work ethic and leadership during his time in the White House. In fact while he was in office Roosevelt viewed the President as the â€Å"steward of the people† and kept that mindset all throughout his presidency. President Roosevelt in history is one of the youngest Presidents to assume the position of office. The start of Roosevelt’s Presidency startedRead MorePresident Roosevelt s President Of The United States Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesWhen President McKinley was assassinated Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at the age of 43. He is the youngest president in our nation’s history. Though President Roosevelt was young with fresh ideas filled with high energy as you will see that even after he became president he continued to do some things he enjoyed in his life. Roosevelt while still in the presidency, he continued to box inside the White House. In one of those instances while sparing he sparedRead MoreAnalysis Of Theodore Roosevelt s Autobiography Of 1913892 Words   |  4 Pagesof Executive Powers. It speaks about how he challenged the limitation set on Presidential power in domestic policy and how he broadened the use of such power, thereby transforming the office of the President. The primary source was written several years after Roosevelt left the office of the President in the year 1913. He had come into the Presidency after the death of William McKinley in the year 1901 during the Progressive Era. It was during this era that Americans sought reforms through governmentRead MoreThose That Founded The Constitution Intended For A President1403 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitution intended for a president to be a man of impeccable prestige but not a man with and excessive amount of power. A great amount of people harbored a considerable amount of rear about if their chief executive became too powerful. Over the time of the Progressive Era, US citizens did not only shift their mindset and notion concerning what the national government should do, but also their views about how strong the president should be. The trident of the Progressive Era—Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson—Read MoreWorkers During The 1900s S1682 Words   |  7 PagesWorkers in the 1870s to 1930s Throughout history many people, such as politicians, officials, and generals, have been noted to have molded the United States, neglecting the fact that workers have also played an important role in shaping this nation’s history. During the 1870s to the 1930s, laborers faced many hardships; they had trouble keeping their jobs, had their wages decreased, and were forced to work sixty-hour weeks without insurance. Over time, workers began to feel aggravated by theirRead MoreGod s Power Is The Environment1600 Words   |  7 Pagesall of mankind with. God expects everybody to be good stewards of the environment, especially Christians. God first stated his desire for mankind to be good stewards of the environment when he told Adam and Eve Be fruitful and increase in number, fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. (Genesis 1:28, New American Bible). God made mankind stewards of t he earth. It is the duty of all Christians to takeRead MoreThe New Deal: An Experiment in Liberalism Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesStates would be complicated as well. Ready to address the complicated issue of reviving the American economy, as well as its despairing citizenry, was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s campaign for the presidency in 1932 pledged vigorous action and â€Å"bold and persistent experimentation† in response to the Great Depression. Roosevelt defeated Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election by a significant margin and immediately began his â€Å"experimentation† called the New Deal. The New Deal’sRead MoreEssay about The Social Security Act Public Policy1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe social security act was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt so that he could put in place provisions in order to help the elderly. The social security act a document that helps impoverished citizens, such as the elderly a nd physically impaired receive benefits after retirement. Citizens’ in America during the great depression where expected to work weather elderly or physically disabled. These citizens weren’t afforded the financial stability to retire so work was a necessity to acquireRead MoreThe President Of The United States1783 Words   |  8 Pagesappointed to the very important role of proving to you that Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt remains our nation’s finest President, and is more than deserving of the monument that will serve as a testament to his achievements as our country’s greatest leader. Serving as the 26th President of the United States of America, Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901, as a result of the devastating assassination of President William McKinley, to March 4, 1909, when his second term came to an end. From

Friday, December 13, 2019

Bakhsh letter Free Essays

As an international pilot with 11 years experience, I would make a great addition to your flight staff. I am trained and certified to fly by both the Unites States’ Federal Aviation administration and the Saudi Arabian General Authority of Civil Aviation, having studied on planes in both of the countries. Because I am fluent in both English and Arabic, I am a great asset to any company with flights into Northern Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Bakhsh letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now From my enclosed resume, you will note that I have a strong record of accomplishment during my time as a pilot. I began as first officer on a Boeing 737 and move up to my final position as first officer on a Boeing 777 before being made captain of a McDonnell-Douglas 90. Since then, I have been again promoted and currently serve as Captain of an Embracer E170. In addition to my flight experience, I have had international pilot training courses with Boeing, in Seattle, WA, USA, and Embracer in Zurich, Switzerland. I am a responsible Captain, taking the utmost care to assure that my aircraft is well-cared for and my passengers arrive safely at their destination. Thank you for taking the time to review my resume and credential. I look forward to the opportunity to meet with you to discuss how I may be an asset to your company. Sincerely, Ca. Hani Atef Bakhsh How to cite Bakhsh letter, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Don’t Forget Who You Are by Miles Kane free essay sample

Miles Kane’s sophomore album, â€Å"Don’t Forget Who You Are,† is a mixed bag. On one hand, the CD sounds quite good. The songs are catchy, Kane’s vocals are exceptional, and the production is a step up from his debut album. The nostalgic ’60s sound that he constructed his career upon is still present, especially in the hit single â€Å"Don’t Forget Who You Are.† â€Å"Bombshells,† while short, is also a track worth singling out as impressive. However, instrumentals seem to be a huge problem for the Liverpool star. More often than not, he becomes entangled in the styles of other bands. â€Å"Give Up,† for example, sounds far too much like a dark, guitar-bursting tune that is the signature of Kasabian. â€Å"Darkness in Our Hearts† copies the sizzling guitars of the Strokes, and â€Å"Out of Control† sounds as if it were swiped from a long-lost Oasis album. While it is often beneficial to look to other bands for inspiration, there’s a fine line between what is and isn’t acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Don’t Forget Who You Are by Miles Kane or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I feel Kane has crossed it. Kane also struggles with his lyrics at times. In this category, â€Å"Better Than That† is especially cringe-worthy. The lyrics, laced with ’60s references decipherable only through a Google search, are out of touch with Kane’s audience. The inclusion of the lyric â€Å"maybe it’s your stupid face that’s turning me on† is questionable and degrades the song. Even more painful is the song’s ending, during which Kane feels a need to slowly spell out L-O-V-E. It’s no secret that Miles Kane prefers to focus his career on his live performances, and for that purpose this album fits the bill. For those partying at gigs, the loud, chant-worthy tunes Kane has provided are considered hits. The fans at home, however, are left scratching their heads. For them, it’s clear that this album is a step back from its predecessor in nearly all areas. Make no mistake: Miles Kane certainly has talent, and this album has its strong points. However, it’s obvious that more thought needs to go into Kane’s work if he expects to move his career in the right direction.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Modern Slavery In The USA free essay sample

I became a student at the university back in 2010 and I was interested in nursing and psychology. Both these fields of studies required me to take two English classes and English W132 was one of them. I knew it was going to be similar to W131 but not as hard. When one hears about a writing class, they do not think that it can be very time consuming and involving a lot of research work and studying. Human trafficking has been a major social injustice and also considered to be a heinous crime. We as people have come in contact with a person who is a victim but we do not recognize that that person is being held captive and used as a slave laborer. Human trafficking is not allowed in the united states but just because it is the law does not mean that it does not exist. Topic and question at Issue This topic interests me because I watch a lot of television and see the anguish and torture people go through all around the word when they fall victim of human trafficking. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Slavery In The USA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It hurts a lot that I cannot help but just taking notice and deciding to write about it makes me learn more about the issue and I can be able to educate my peers about it. This is a human rights issue because it violates the rights of people to have freedom. We have a right to own our own property, live freely and enjoy life’s basic needs but the traffickers deny their victims this right. They hold them hostage and treat them like the scum of the earth. We are all equal and everyone deserves a chance to be in a fair and just world and when this is taken away, a person is like a slave in a place that is supposed to protect them. As I write my last argument for this class, my question at issue is â€Å"has the united states done enough to combat human trafficking or do they need to enact stricter laws and penalties to protect the victims? † this question has really evolved since I started research on my paper and the more research I did, the more the question became more important and I had to find answers to it. It surprised me to find out that in the united states, human trafficking has not always been in the fore front of issues. Yes, laws have been set forth to protect the victims but they have not been properly enforced and this is due to our government officials failing us. The people who are sworn y=to protect and serve the citizens, especially law enforcers have been marred by greed and have been taking bribes from the traffickers. This in turn has made the victims so scared to report the torture and abuse they go through and end up just suffering in the hands of their captors. Enthymeme and Argument After much research, I ended up with the following enthymeme â€Å"the United States may need to do more to combat human trafficking because the laws are frequently not being enforced properly, it is continuously increasing, and it is often due to weak penalties. † After reading all the instructors comments and doing more research on my topic, I realized that the above enthymeme is what I needed to focus on when I am writing my last argument. I added qualifiers to make my claim more believable. I need my audience to know that I present this claim with confident uncertainty because I am cautious and critical about the data and research I am presenting. The qualifiers I used are may, frequently and often and they show the reader that my claim does have limitations due to the research I have conducted. They also show my audience that my claim can be argued because the qualifiers are making them believe that my claim is valid. It is about time that the United States came up with better laws and stiffer penalties to combat human trafficking. There are some laws that have been put in place to stop this type of social injustice but not enforced effectively. At this time, the question at issue is not whether the United States has done enough to stop the trade of humans but simply â€Å"Should the United States do more to combat human trafficking? † I came up with this question after reading a lot of literature on human trafficking and finding out that it is still an ongoing issue which has never been abolished. We are in the 21st. century and have not yet found a solution to combat human trade which is a heinous crime against humanity. After researching a lot on this topic and doing some soul searching, I decided to take the following position; human trafficking should be illegal because it’s a grave social injustice against humanity. To back up this claim of policy, I took to the internet to make myself more familiar with the issue. There were a lot of  journal articles that were discussing the different ways that the government has tried to stop human trafficking but most of them were concluding that the laws were not tough enough and that some government officials were involved in the trade. Human trafficking is the worst crime that can be committed by anyone because it denies a person the right to freedom and equality making it a grave social injustice. Another reason is that I had to revisit the definition of human trafficking from all angles. I had to take into account child labor, forced labor, sex labor of men, women and children, and the factors that lead to trafficking. I chose to pick the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons in Palermo, Italy (2000) definition of human trafficking which states that it is â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation† (Gozdziak, and Collett 6). This definition does not state that human trafficking only affects one gender or group of people but instead includes all human regardless of age, gender and sex. Some of my sources have listed different definitions of human trafficking and mostly concentrating on women and young girls. This paper is written to an audience with a background of social justice issues and that also includes my classmates and instructor. I believe that we all share the same assumption that human trafficking should be illegal because it is a heinous crime against humanity while denying them the rights and freedom that are supposed to enhance their well-being. The victims undergo cruel and unfair treatment which none of us can imagine going through and for this reason, I intend to persuade my audience that my paper is relevant and credible. It is going to have clear reasons to back up my claim from all the research work I have conducted. My audience will need to answer the question of whether the government has already done enough to stop human trafficking. I need to be careful when talking about the laws enacted because I will be addressing this issue happening in the United States even if I am only a permanent resident instead of being a citizen. Some of my audience members might feel like I am interfering with their governmental policies and I am not even originally from here. I also need to make my paper easy to read and straight to the point instead of trying to make them search for the hidden massages. The best evidence that I have found so far is a lot of literature written about this issue, especially peer reviewed articles written by renowned authors and researchers. Most of the literature articles are from published academic journals from people who have dedicated their research solely on human trafficking. Most of these articles support my claim that asks the question â€Å"which laws are set forth to stop human trafficking? † The research articles that I have gathered have a lot of evidence and explanations on the issue that United States has not enacted better laws to combat human trafficking. They do support my claim that not enough has been done to stop this ongoing problem and also show that the laws enacted are not being fully enacted by the government officials. Some counterarguments will arise while writing my final paper and the biggest one I have so far is that there is not enough research conducted in the past or present for me to come to my conclusions and fully support my claim. I will need to answer the question of â€Å"what if the united states has already done enough to stop human trafficking? † Another one will be that the United States has put forth enough resources to stop human trafficking but humans are the ones subjecting themselves to this kind of atrocities because they are trying to run from their home countries to better themselves in the United States hence making the crime a difficult one to prosecute. Most of my articles will be the evidence I use in the rebuttal to show that the government is the one that has failed to enact stricter measures to curb this illicit trade of humans. RESOURCES At the moment I have twenty sources that all discuss human trafficking and the laws that have been set forth. Most of my sources are from the internet via online peer reviewed journals, online magazines and publications, organizations that are against human trafficking, and online articles from accredited authors. I used the library databases from my school (IUPUI) and the one I found to be very helpful was Academic Search Premier. One of my sources is a book written specifically to address human trafficking in the United States. Most of the sources are less than ten years old and some have been updated lately making them current. My authors are also researchers who have done a lot of work about human trafficking and have great knowledge about the topic and this makes my sources credible. Most of them have written several articles about the issues that have been peer reviewed. It has been hard to find a wide range of articles that talks about the stiffer penalties needed or already in existence and that is one area I need to concentrate on more in the coming weeks. Also, most of my sources have the same laws enacted which I found very repetitive and I need to do more research on what other laws are there to protect the victims and end human trafficking and whether the government is currently trying to enact new laws. AUTHOR QUALIFICATIONS I am a senior and psychology major at Indiana University Purdue University Indiana. I believe that I am the right person to write this paper and present my argument because, as a future psychologist or psychiatrist, my main focus will be in the wellbeing of others. I plan to use all that I learn in school to help the victims of human trafficking live a better life while improving their mental health and behaviors. I am also an immigrant who moved to the United States almost sixteen years ago and I have seen a lot of human trafficking around the world especially in Africa where I come from and also in the United States. I am also one of the people who would have never believed that human trafficking was in the United States until I started this research. I live in a town (Indianapolis), where there are always raids set to bust human trafficking stings and I feel that my personal interest and intense research on this topic will help me support my claim. CONCLUSION My biggest concern as I prepare for the last segment of this course is whether my research is relevant with the question at issue and whether my evidence backs up my claim. I have tried very hard to follow instructions and try not to mix my ideas up with irrelevant research and my worry is that I might still fall short. I plan to spend more time doing research on my issue and also visit the writing center before it is too late. I need to find more credible sources and evidence which will shed light about the laws and penalties relating to human trafficking. I am so scared that I may not be able to pass this class and I have thought of dropping it and taking it in another school but I know if I do so, it will just push me back from graduating and also make me lose hope. One day at a time, that’s my motto and I also want to believe that I can be able to improve on my final portfolio. Agence France-Presse EU Nations Warned to Act As Human Trafficking Worsens. SIRS Issues Researcher. Apr 15 2013. Web. 24 Sep. 2013. This article has no named author. The article is an informative piece with the European Union member countries as the intended audience. The article was written to warn the EU-27 about a looming deadline in getting tougher sanctions against human traffickers or the countries would face sanctions. This article was written from Brussels and it claims that the number of forced labor in the EU has increased greatly and that because of cheap labor, it is going to worsen. It calls out the member states by saying that most of them have failed to enact tougher sanctions as agreed before and that human trafficking has increased 18% from 2008 to 2010. It calls for tougher laws like 5 years in prison but if the act has aggravated circumstances surrounding it, it calls for 10 years in prison. According to the author Men, women and children are being sold for sex, hard labor forced into marriages, domestic servitude, begging, or have their organs removed for trade. All these crimes against humanity have to be stopped and abolished and the article calls for the 27 countries to toughen their laws. This article will be good in my research because it talks about the tougher sanctions which are being put forward to end human trafficking and the consequences countries face if they do not comply. Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Kevin Bales is the author of Ending Slavery and Disposable People, both from UC Press. He is also Co-Founder of Free the Slaves, Washington DC, and Professor of Contemporary Slavery at the Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation at the University of Hull. He is the worlds leading expert on contemporary slavery. Ron Soodalter, historian, folklorist, and lecturer, is the author of Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave Trader, as well as articles on the historic and modern slave trade, the Civil War, and the American West. A respected Lincolnian scholar, he serves on the Board of the Abraham Lincoln Institute. The book was written to expose human trafficking in the United States. It details how the victims are everywhere we go from restaurants serving as cooks and dishwashers to the people working in our own houses. It talks about the way we need to come together to combat human trafficking and slavery. Davis, Michael Cory. HUMAN Trafficking. Hispanic 20. 8 (2007): 46-48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. Michael Cory Davis, founder of The Journey Film Group, is an actor/filmmaker/activist. He has been involved in the fight to end modern day slavery since 2003 when he became the Goodwill Ambassador for the organization Face to Face Bulgaria, which works to combat trafficking. Michael wrote, directed and produced the award-winning film Svetlana’s Journey, a true story about a Bulgarian girl forced into prostitution. In this article the author talks about trafficking in the U. S. A and how the captors lure their victims and get them to come with them with a lot of promises about their future. He also details the torture they endure and how they are held captive and exploited. He points out that it largely happens here and the reasons why it happens and the people involved especially the wealthy, educated and trusted people in society. Feingold, David. â€Å"Human Trafficking†. JSTOR; Foreign Policy, No. 150 (Sep. Oct. , 2005), pp. 26-30, 3230. Aug. 2005. Web. 28 Sept. 2013. Feingold is director of the Ophidian Research Institute and international coordinator for HIV/AIDS and Trafficking Projects for UNESCO Bangkok. The author is trying to warn people that if they continue to fight the war on human trafficking, they may end up losing. He is mostly against what all the other authors are saying about ending human trafficking. He strongly believes that trafficking is not about organized crime, prosecution, sanctions by the U. S. A or tightening borders. Gozdziak, M. Elzbieta. , and Elizabeth A. Collett. Research on Human Trafficking In North America: A Review of Literature. International Migration 43. 1/2 (2005): 99-128. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Dr. Elzbieta M. Gozdziak is the Director of Research at the Institute for the Study of International Migration (ISIM) and Editor of International Migration, a peer reviewed, scholarly journal devoted to research and policy analysis of contemporary issues affecting international migration (Georgetown Uni). Elizabeth Collett is European Policy Fellow at the Migration Policy Institute, and Senior Advisor to MPIs Transatlantic Council on Migration. She is based in Brussels and works on the International Program, with a particular focus on European policy (Flad). The authors wrote this article to map out research that currently exists and make note of research gaps that need to be filled in order to establish appropriate and effective policies and programs for trafficked victims (Gozdziak). Hodge, David R. Sexual Trafficking In The United States: A Domestic Problem With Transnational Dimensions. Social Work53. 2 (2008): 143-152. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. The author is an associate professor in the School of Social Work at Arizona State University. He is also a senior nonresident fellow with both the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University and the Program for Research on Religion and Urban Civil Society at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hodge is an internationally recognized scholar in spirituality and religion. He has also written widely on social justice, cultural diversity, and social inclusion (asu. edu). This article seeks to increase readers awareness and knowledge of sexual trafficking in the United States (Hodges). The author is making the audience aware of the heinous crimes which are happening in our own backyard and how even the law enforcement is involved. He tries to make suggestions of how to curb trafficking and end it and he also talks about how the laws can be made stricter to end it. Kapstein, Ethan B. The New Global Slave Trade. Foreign Affairs 85. 6: 103-115. Academic Search Premier. Nov/Dec. 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2013. The author is a Paul Dubrule Professor of Sustainable Development at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France, and a Visiting Fellow at the Center for Global Development, in Washington, D.C. His most recent book is Economic Justice in an Unfair World: Toward a Level Playing Field. The author argues that the United States government offers too many incentives to human traffickers and states that support them in order to market humans and promises too little action against the trafficking. He states that most government officials cooperate with traffickers and are afforded a high pay due to the high profits of the trade. He writes this article in hopes of the general public gains knowledge about the slave trade here in the United States. Kara, Siddharth. Supply And Demand. Harvard International Review 33. 2 (2011): 66-71. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. Siddharth Kara is an author, activist and one of the worlds foremost experts on modern day slavery and human trafficking. He is an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy and Director of the Program on Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and also a Visiting Scientist on Forced Labor at the Harvard School of Public Health. The author’s article explains how human trafficking is more in demand and profitable now than back in the day. It details how the victims end up being captured, transported and sold around the world and what they go through once in the hands of their owners. Kessler, J. â€Å"Human trafficking and sexual exploitation of children. † Catholic Woman, 33, 15. Proquest. Mar/Apr 2007. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. The author is a legislative commission chair For the National Council of Catholic Women. She writes this article to inform the people of all the steps that the government and non-governmental agencies with a particular focus on catholic groups, are taking to combat human trafficking and exploitation especially of children. Kiener, Robert. Human Trafficking and Slavery. CQ Global Researcher 16 Oct. 2012: 473-96. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. Robert Kiener is an award-winning writer whose work has appeared in the London Sunday Times, The Christian Science Monitor, The Washington Post, Readers Digest, Time Life Books, Asia Inc. and other publications. He holds an M. A. in Asian Studies from Hong Kong University and an M. Phil. in International Relations from Cambridge University (CQ). Kiener’s purpose is to inform the general audience about the ongoing battle to stop human trafficking and slavery. The author talks about the struggles people are facing with forced prostitution and forced labor in many countries around the world including western countries. He talks about how the laws put forward to protect the people are not strong enough and a lot of countries are not following the laws or trying to abolish the social crimes. He talks about the few laws which have been set forth but do not have stiffer penalties when broken. He also informs us about the 32 billion dollar industry and that â€Å"the biggest obstacle to halting the trade in human beings is the lack of political will† (CQ). This article is very important and basically the foundation of my research. It explains all about human trafficking and slavery and gives accounts of the problems facing abolishment of these social crimes. It also talks about the countries still involved and those which are not helping at all. Potocky, Miriam. The travesty of human trafficking: A decade of failed U. S. policy. Social Work 55(4), 373-5. Proquest. Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. The author is a Professor in the Florida International University School of Social Work. Dr. Potocky is a specialist in refugee resettlement, human rights, international social work, and research methodology. She has authored over 50 publications, including Best Practices for Social Work with Refugees and Immigrants. The article focuses more on the failed policies and prevention of human trafficking in the united states. It talks about how politics plays a role in the enactment of better laws to combat human trafficking and how the government cannot even have statistics right. Tran, Jonathan. Sold into Slavery. He is working on a book about the Vietnam War, theology and memory. The author talks about the impact human trafficking/slavery has caused to the point where the Vatican has called it a worse crime than The Transatlantic Slave Trade. He talks about how a lot of people are surprise that modern day slavery exists and the factors that contribute to it. He talks about how the trafficking begins and how he believes that it is declining.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Evolution of Dinosaurs to Modern Animals

Evolution of Dinosaurs to Modern Animals Dinosaurs didnt spring suddenly into existence two hundred million years ago, huge, toothy, and hungry for grub. Like all living things, they evolved, slowly and gradually, according to the rules of Darwinian selection and adaptation, from previously existing creatures- in this case, a family of primitive reptiles known as archosaurs (ruling lizards). On the face of it, archosaurs werent all that different from the dinosaurs that succeeded them. However, these Triassic reptiles were much smaller than later dinosaurs, and they possessed certain characteristic features that set them apart from their more famous descendants (most notably, the lack of a locked-in posture for their front and hind limbs). Paleontologists may even have identified the single genus of archosaur from which all dinosaurs evolved: Lagosuchus (Greek for rabbit crocodile), a quick, tiny reptile that scurried across the forests of early Triassic South America, and that sometimes goes by the name Marasuchus. Evolution During the Triassic Period Confusing matters somewhat, the archosaurs of the middle to late Triassic period didnt only give rise to dinosaurs. Isolated populations of these ruling reptiles also spawned the very first pterosaurs and crocodiles. For as much as 20 million years, in fact, the part of the Pangean supercontinent corresponding to modern-day South America was thick with two-legged archosaurs, two-legged dinosaurs, and even two-legged crocodiles- and even  experienced paleontologists sometimes have trouble distinguishing between the fossil specimens of these three families! Experts are unsure whether the archosaurs from which the dinosaurs descended coexisted with the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) of the late Permian period, or whether they appeared on the scene after the Permian/Triassic Extinction Event 250 million years ago, a geologic upheaval that killed about three-quarters of all land-dwelling animals on earth. From the perspective of dinosaur evolution, though, this may be a distinction without a difference. Whats clear is that dinosaurs gained the upper hand by the start of the Jurassic period.  (By the way, you may be surprised to learn that therapsids spawned the first mammals around the same time, the late Triassic period, as archosaurs spawned the first dinosaurs.) The First Dinosaurs Once you climb your way out of late Triassic South America, the path of dinosaur evolution comes into much sharper focus, as the very first dinosaurs slowly radiated into the sauropods, tyrannosaurs, and raptors we all know and love today. The best current candidate for the first true dinosaur is the South American Eoraptor, a nimble, two-legged meat-eater akin to the slightly later Coelophysis of North America. Eoraptor and its ilk survived by eating the smaller crocodiles, archosaurs, and proto-mammals of its lush forest environment, and may have hunted by night. The next important event in dinosaur evolution, after the appearance of Eoraptor, was the split between saurischian (lizard-hipped) and ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs, which transpired just before the start of the Jurassic period. The first ornithischian dinosaur (a good candidate is Pisanosaurus) was the direct descendant of the vast bulk of the plant-eating dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, including ceratopsians, hadrosaurs, and ornithopods. Saurischians, meanwhile, split into two main families: theropods (the meat-eating dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurs and raptors) and prosauropods (the slender, bipedal, plant-eating dinosaurs that later evolved into gigantic sauropods and titanosaurs). A good candidate for the first prosauropod, or sauropodomorph, is Panphagia, the name of which is Greek for eats everything. Ongoing Dinosaur Evolution Once these major dinosaur families were established, around the start of the Jurassic period, evolution continued to take its natural course. But according to recent research, the pace of dinosaur adaptation  slowed down drastically during the later Cretaceous period, when dinosaurs were more rigidly locked into existing families and their rates of speciation and diversification slowed. The corresponding lack of diversity may have made dinosaurs ripe pickings for the K/T Extinction Event  when a meteor impact decimated planetary food supplies. Ironically, just the way the Permian/Triassic Extinction Event paved the way for the rise of dinosaurs, the K/T Extinction cleared the way for the rise of mammals- which had existed alongside the dinosaurs all along, in small, quivering, mouse-like packages.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Awful Truth about Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Awful Truth about Archaeology - Essay Example The author explains that as we see in media, there is no bad guy who turns up to halt the work of archeology. The author claims that the real archeology world is way different from â€Å"The Tomb Raider†, â€Å"Indiana Jones, and â€Å"The Curse of the Mummy†. She explains that contrary to people believe she have not come across any curse, golden idol, serpents, and scorpions or lightening. She says if someone hand over her a map with clues as we see in movies then there would be lot of unpleasantness with campus police and also she have to spend lot of time to get permission to land in that exotic country. They will have to search for months for the site and also credible amount of time in searching debris and soil layers. She explains that real archeology requires lot of inspection of the earth, stones and artifacts. She suggest that most of the archeologist carries a copy of the Calvin and Hobbs cartoon in their office which shows that archeology is one of the most mind numbing jobs in the world. Author says that it involves lot of paper work and handling of delicate instrument. Sebastian reveals that when one work in extreme weather condition with sand blowing on their face and working with delicate instruments on a vulnerable site then they most often question their career choice. But she claims that archeology is exciting because it connects people with past in an interesting way. It is immediate and personal experience. She shares the experience of excavation in Arizona where they found a pit house with human hand prints that were date to AD 805. She writes that sharing these with the children of today was a matter of excitement and connecting with their ancestors. She exclaims that if Lara Croft was there instead, then she would have destroyed the pit house and smashed the handprints in the search for goodies. She suggests that Lara might have missed all the traces that they have found like the pottery,

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Are share buybacks a matter of substance or a fashion Essay

Are share buybacks a matter of substance or a fashion - Essay Example A company has to get authority from its shareholders in order to buy back its shares. Usually this is done at its Annual General Meeting. Secondly, and far less common, a company can announce a tender offer. This involves all shareholders submitting a price they would be prepared to accept for their shares. In both instances once the company buy backs the shares it will cancel them, so they will cease to exist. Therefore a company cannot flog the same shares back onto the market at a later date. A company exists to allocate its resources in the most efficient manner for the benefit of its shareholders. Part of its resources may be surplus cash. Surplus cash is cash that it does not require to maintain or expand its business. It may decide to return this cash to its investors. This can be done either by a dividend or by buying back its shares. The decision as to which method is used usually depends on complex taxation issues that we can happily leave to the companys accountants. In recent years there has been increased pressure from investment institutions for companies to return their surplus cash rather than sitting on it just in case they might need it for future acquisitions. The institutions argue that it should be their decision, and not the companys, to hold part of their assets in cash. As a general rule, share buybacks are good for shareholders. The laws of supply and demand would suggest that with fewer shares on the market, the share price would tend to rise. Although the company will see a fall in profits because it will no longer receive interest on the cash, this is more than made up for by the reduction in the number of shares. In effect you get more pie, as although the total size of the pie is reduced this is more than offset by the fact that you get a bigger slice’1. ‘The popularity of share buybacks has catapulted over the past twenty years. In the United States alone, corporate

Monday, November 18, 2019

Impact of international field experience on agricultural Education Article

Impact of international field experience on agricultural Education - Article Example According to Bruce (2001) until now the demand to sensitize the agricultural teachers who are trained to enhance international field experience has been driven further and acknowledged widely. This is due to the movement of world cultures and global contacts that are increasing through international experience. In this respect, the new rule is that many schools are increasing their diversity and enrolling students with challenging and unique needs with teachers that are recruited internationally. This has made agricultural teachers to be agents of responsibility for global and cultural education. In agricultural education, international field experience is a vital aspect to the educational professionals who prepare for natural resource and agricultural management industries. It gives out experience which reinforces the instruction of the classroom. It also gives out a chance to agricultural students to engage and observe the application of the knowledge that has been acquired. This m eans that international field experience helps students to achieve valuable insights towards the operation and organization of agencies and businesses in different industrial sectors. In this regard, field experience that is properly supervised and pursued with enthusiasm could be of significant meaning towards agricultural education. ... Purpose of international field experience. Field experience is a factor which is of great importance in agricultural education. Its main purpose has always been to give students a chance of combining the theoretical studies with an application of practical knowledge in the actual environment of work. In the students’ academic program, field experience plays a crucial role as it gives students a room for application of the knowledge gained while in the classroom. Field work also gives students a chance to continue learning under a professional supervisor during the field work. Additionally, student interns should always undertake their study abroad responsibilities with professional and quality dedication. Student interns are also expected to be assets to the agency of placement and that they need to establish an enormous contribution due to their experience in the work. The objective of the research. This is a research work that is set out to among other things achieve one key objective. Thus, the overarching objective was to find out the impacts of international field experience on agricultural education. The topic to be examined would be the impacts of field experience on agricultural education. Limitations of the study. This study will focus mainly on international field experience and its influence in agricultural education. This, thus, implies that study would be limited on international rather than local. This excludes a similar local experience which has not been explored. Moreover, the scope of the study does not take into consideration other field of education despite limited studies contacted in such fields. Basic assumptions. This study had to

Friday, November 15, 2019

Talibinization And The Security Threat For Pakistan Politics Essay

Talibinization And The Security Threat For Pakistan Politics Essay A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995 and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic state. The Taliban were overthrown by US-led forces and Afghan groups in 2001 following the events of September 11  [1]  . In generic terms, the word Taliban is derived from Talib (a student) which means the one who seeks for knowledge. According to Pashto language, Taliban generally denotes the students who are studying in deeni (religious) madrassas. The term Talibanization generally used to be perceived as a process being implemented at the religious centers in terms of imparting religious education to students (Taliban)  [2]  . The modern kingdom of Afghanistan was founded in 1747.  [3]  It was Great Britain and Russia who, in 1893, agreed, between themselves, that the river Oxus should be the northern frontier of Afghanistan. In 1893 the Durand Line was established by Sir Mortimer Durand to demarcate boundaries between Russia and British Empire.  [4]  The Talibans are considered as Islamic extremist students, who believe in rigid values of Islam and have firm belief on Quran and Sunnah. Taliban prefer the implementation of Shariat law in Islamic countries and make stress to lead life according to the teaching of Islam. During their rule ethnic and Islamic minorities were cleansed and development was all but ceased as the youth were turned out of secular education to memorize the Quran and female forced out of public life altogether.  [5]   Talibans tradition mentioned their creation as a reaction of the injustice that was practice during the mujahedeen era of Afghan politics. The high degree of social injustice with women was seen in Afghanistan. At some point it is assumed Pakistans Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) came to notice villages Mullah and his rag-tag bunch of Islamic student/fighters (Taliban) began go land support  [6]  . The danger to the Taliban is that the Pashtun centrist may be acquiescent to cooperation in a new Afghanistan, and that the jihadist with a more global view may be marginalized into criminals and simple terrorists. Talibinization refers to the political and social process following or imitating the political system, religious laws and life style of Taliban. The process of Talibanization in tribal areas was gradual and they were successful in establishing parallel justice and administrative systems. Taliban leaders statements suggested that their agenda was to enforce their system not only in FATA or NWFP but all over the country. The Taliban matured into a full-fledged insurgent movement within four to five years.  [7]  The short-term objective of the Taliban was to initiate a Taliban insurgency in Pakistan and a counterinsurgency in Afghanistan for the US-led occupation forces through jihad and to enforce a new social, political and economic order based on their ideology or interpretation of Islam. Immediately after 9/11, the United Nation responds to the emerging situation and builds a consensus to fight against the religious militants. In 2001 Afghan War established against Taliban and A l Qaida. During this war the US was backed by large number of states and was given the right to take action under UN Charter, Chapter 7, Article 51 which recognizes the inherit right of individual or collective self defense if an arm attack occur.  [8]   Pakistan strategically linked with Afghanistan. Pakistan is bordered by Afghanistan in west and India in east. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has suffered brutal civil war in addition to foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 U.S. invasion. When we see Pakistans security dilemma, it is necessary to analyze the Afghanistan complex situation, the resistance movement, afghan civil war, afghan refugee problem, Talibanization, and then evaluate the security situation.  [9]   Pakistan is a Muslim religion with weapon and has a long rival potential enemy with India since 1947. Pakistan is the front line state of American anti-terror war and important Muslim country Pakistan had many aspects to study. Strategically it had been noted that Afghanistan and Pakistan are two nations which have the most strategic impact on the current anti terror war. The notion of Talibinization not only combines the two nations together in real politics but also helps us understand the political and social development in the North Western border of Pakistan. The Pakistan sided tribal areas are natural home for Taliban. The could not only grab political power in Afghanistan and increase their own impact, but also have a large number of support from radical religious student and can be protected by tribal elders and the mosques while the government of US, Pakistan and Afghanistan could do nothing at all. Talibinization in tribal area of Pakistan can figure deeply down to the comp licated ethnic and religious conflicts and the relationships between federal and local governments within border and shows the internal reasons why the anti terror wars have had little effect in Afghanistan. It would also offer a reference for the China-Pakistan relationship. The Talbinization is not limited to the tribal areas of the FATA. Since 2006, it spread deeper towards north of Pakistan. We have also seen the incident of Lal Masjid took place in Islamabad in July 2007 shows that Taliban is trying to enter the heart of the city. After 2007, the government has sent more than ten thousand soldiers to Swat Region; Pakistan Military has killed more than 130, while the local resident suffered no small loss. The Lal Masjid event shows the end of alliances between military and mullahs since the 1980s. Lal Masjid has played two roles in promoting national policies First one is to organize the mujahedeen to resist the soviet invasion in Afghanistan and launch attack against India. Sec ond one is to support the Saudi funded Sunni Islamists against the Iranian backed Shiite groups in sectarian conflicts. In 2008 the impact of Islamic militant was spreading in most parts of Pakistan. Undoubtedly the Talibanization is not only the unique political and social phenomenon in FATA, but also a major issue for the whole Pakistan.  [10]  Pakistan is today facing four dangerous allegations and one of them is that we are being responsible for giving rise to terrorism in Afghanistan from our tribal areas. Moreover, a new generation of militant is comprised of battle-hardened jihadis with fewer allegiances to religious and tribal leaders and customs. One western press report called Pakistans Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) the most ungoverned, combustible region in the world, and an unrelenting surge in Islamist-related violence in Pakistan has some observer fearing a total collapse of the Pakistani state  [11]  . The so-called Pakistani Taliban and Pakistan i-based al-Qaeda has emerged in Pakistan since 2004. Initially, the Talibanization gathered in the North and South Waziristan area, and later spread to Bajur area in the northern part of FATA. Pakistani Taliban forces are also constantly growing and expanding in agencies such as Momand, Aurakzai and Kurram etc, which were relatively stable areas before. Suicide bombing within Pakistan has increased in 2008. CID Director Hayden said in March 2008 that the situation on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border presents a clear and present danger to Afghanistan, to Pakistan, and to the West in general, and the United State in particular. He agreed with other US top officials who believe that possible future terrorist attack on the US homeland likely would be originate from that region  [12]  . Moreover, frustration is developing in the region regarding the extended presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan. While we witness an increase in drone attacks inside the tribal areas and the social control of Taliban is expanding with the passing of each new day. Another main reason is that the democratic government, political parties and civil societies have yet to come out of the shock the Musharaf regime had imposed. At that time Pak Army is fighting in tribal areas against Taliban. Except navy all departments of armed forces are being utilized in this war. Pakistan faces double-edged media propaganda, internally as well as externally. The popular national press is very critical of Pakistans counterinsurgency collaboration with the US and the West. And the international press is doubtful about Islamabads operational efforts. The national and international media are oversimplifying the complex nature of the insurgency and its regional dimensions. This is fueling misperceptions among the international community about the issue and hurts Pakistans diplomatic efforts to find a comprehensive solution. Statement of Problem: The rise of Talibanization had created a great threat to the security of Pakistan. Significance of Studies The Issue of security causes a widening gape between the developed and developing countries. The importance of this study is that currently Pakistan is facing a great security threat from Taliban and after 9/11 it is a front line state against terrorism. Today the Taliban and al Qaeda insurgencies are equally active in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Severe threats are faced by Pakistan in the past era due to its border with Afghanistan. And Pakistans participation in 1989 during Soviet invasion in Afghanistan had spread Talibanization in Pakistan. This study tells that how the Talibanization concept had started and emerged in Pakistan in past eras due to the past blunders and how Pakistan had to face severe damage after 9/11. The United States claimed that FATA and some adjoining areas were serving as a safe haven for Al-Qaeda leadership and command and control of this leadership provide a source of reinforcement for the Taliban who crossed into Afghanistan to attack the American-led coal ition forces, including ISAF and NATO. Al Qaida had got firm grip over Pakistan territory and created a danger situation in the region. Pakistans security threat and perception can easily be understood by this study. This study enables one to understand the pattern of Talibanization in Pakistan clearly and focuses on the security related domestic threats and problems confronted by Pakistan. So the research study will identify the security problem in Pakistan caused by talibanization. Hypothesis: Talibanization is adversely affecting the security of Pakistan. Dependent Variable: Talibanization Independent Variable: Security of Pakistan Literature Review: Talibanization in the tribal area of Pakistan taken from Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) Vol 1.4 No1, 2010 by Wang Lian, Institute of IR, Peking University. It tells that how corrupt government and political structure had led to spread of talibanization in Pakistan. It tells that talibanization is an extremist, armed violence and mass participation which will seriously affect the political stability in Pakistan and is a great challenge. Aryana Institute for Regional Research Advocacy AIRRA. Emerging scenario of talibanization in the region: is there to be a spring offensive? AIRRA Special Edition/Analytical Report by Khadim Hussain and Mohammad Arif. In the article the author tells about how talibanization emerges in the region and what consequences in the region are. It urges all the state holders to cooperate in elimination of terrorism. An overview of Domestic Threats. Constraints to Pakistans Security written by Mubeen Adnan tell about the domestic security challenges and threats which Pakistan is facing. The paper generally focuses on the security related domestic threats and problems confronted by Pakistan. Tracing the domestic dynamics of the threats/constraints confronted, the paper examines the consequential repercussions for the security of Pakistan. To eliminate these threats Pakistan needs development in political social as well as in economical fields. CRS Report for Congress: Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy November 21, 2008 by K. Alan Kronstadt (Specialist in South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division) and Kenneth Katzman (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs Defense, and Trade Division). In this article security threat for Pakistan from Afghanistan is discussed as well as US policy any some measures are also discussed. It also discusses the militant activities increasing in western Pakistan. A Break from The Past: Trends in Pakistans Security Policy After 9/11, Shabana Fayyaz; SASSU Research Paper No. 2, August 2005.in this article writer discusses the reason that why Pakistan ally itself with America after 9/11 and what were the policy changes of Pakistan, major disputes which effects the security of Pakistan as well. It also discusses some aspects of Pakistans foreign policy changing trends during 9/11 and the role of leadership as well. How leader changes their vision for policy making is also presented in this journal. Relevance of Study: This study tells about the rise of Taliban which causes security threat for Pakistan. In this research proposal it is critically examined that due to sharing same border with Afghanistan and entering of Taliban in tribal areas of Pakistan, the Pakistans western borders were active in fomenting trouble inside Pakistani territory. The Taliban have reacted by resorting to suicide bombings that have rendered military personnel, defense installations and public places unsafe. The investigations into various incidents of the suicide bombing have revealed that, along with FATA and NWFP, the southern Punjab has become the breeding ground of suicide bombers. The process of Talibanization is likely to get strengthened if the random use of force by the Pakistani troops continues. The killing of innocent people, including women and children, is fast estranging the Pashtoon population from the state. While foreign troops are fighting revolts in this area, people are able to cross the border into Afghanistan from tribal areas of Pakistan. There are a lot of Kashmiri-based resistance organizations that have links with the Taliban in Afghanistan. These organizations include Lashkar e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad, and these have been added to the U.S State Department list of terrorist groups. NATO and U.S officials have increased their pressure on Pakistan to do more in the war against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Missile strikes in Pakistan launched by armed, unmanned American Predator Aircraft have been a notorious method in remote region of Pakistan. Such drone attacks Violate Pakistani airspace on a daily bases. War on Terror was imposed on Pakistan. Therefore without regional cooperation and constant military means the task of expelling the Taliban from power in Afghanistan could not have been achieved. Methodology: Primary sources mean that it is original article or book created by an individual or sometimes a group of people. In simple terms primary sources come firsthand from the source or person. In my research I have not used the primary source because of lack of resources. Secondary sources are sources that are written about primary sources. Secondary sources analyze, interpret, and discuss information about the primary source. Secondary Sources include journal articles, books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reviews, newspaper articles, specific essays, etc. I have used secondary source, and have taken much of my research data and ideas from news papers articles, reviews and journals articles. Division of Chapters: Chapter 1: Talibanization, a concept and its emergence In first chapter the meaning of the term Taliban its general perception and how they emerge in the region are discussed briefly. It focuses on the main issues which created social injustice between common people and the intervention of different states in internal matters of Afghanistan, which give a way to Rise of Taliban in the region. It is also discussed here what were the mission of Taliban and how they imposed law and order in the region during their rule. Chapter 2: Talibanization in Pakistan In chapter 2 it is briefly described that how Pakistan is strategically linked with Afghanistan and how this link create destability in Pakistan. The coalition between Pakistan and United State After major event of 9/11 in War against terrorism and at the result of this coalition emergence of Talibanization in the tribal areas of Pakistan is also the main theme of this chapter. Chapter 3: Talibanization in Pakistan created Security threat for Pakistan In this chapter internal and external security threats that Pakistan is facing today due to talibanization is discussed. It also focuses on that Talibanization has spread more and more into the tribal area of Pakistan and is mainly represented as an extremist, armed violence and mass participation, which will seriously affect the political stability and security in Pakistan Chapter 4: Conclusion The main security threat which Pakistan faced from emergence of Taliban to onward is the main frame of this chapter. Conclusion To sum up, it is obvious that talibanization in Afghanistan and in tribal areas of Pakistan appears to be enduring and threaten the territorial integrity of the Pakistani state. From the time of Taliban emergence in Pakistan to onward they began to warm up their muscle in areas which affects Pakistan internally as well. Suicide bombing in major cities of Pakistan, attacks on security and intelligence officers, Swat operation, and incident of Lal Masjid are the major events that affect the Pakistans national integrity. At the same time, the violation of Pakistani airspace by the US drones in search of militant hideouts and missile attacks on suspected targets became more frequent. The military action in the Pashtoon areas has reduced our once proud national army to the position of Para-military operating against its own people and that suits others more than Pakistans own State Interest. It is not only a risk for Pakistans strategic interests but many regional and global powers also w ant to secure their interests in this area. In the whole country there is security high alert against any act of terrorism. When will this war end this is unpredictable now.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline Erosion Es

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline Erosion At its simplest, shoreline erosion is the result of the combination of processes, both natural and manmade, by which shoreline and beaches are damaged or lost. For this discussion, wetlands are also included. There is an ongoing debate over the best way by which to preserve beaches, shorelines, and wetlands. Conservation extremists argue that limiting or restricting land use, and restoring damaged property with tax money represents the most prudent answer to shoreline erosion. Included in this position is the inherent role of government intervention to preserve America’s shoreline. There are many problems with the conservation position, and many advantages to the alternate solution --- private development and corporate funding. The most damaging factor to America’s shoreline is that of poorly planned development in environmentally fragile coastal areas that lead to erosion and various forms of pollution. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimated in 1971 that 40% of the total shoreline of the lower 48 states was experiencing significant erosion. Wind and wave action associated with high tides are the cause of natural erosion. Damming rivers restricts the flow of eroded rock, which is the source of much sand (Rhinehart, 1997). These factors are best addressed by infusions of venture capital applied with sound business principles and sensitivity for environmental concerns. Sound planning by the private sector is essential. The number of people living within 50 miles of the U.S. coastline rose from 61 million to 130 million between 1940 and 1988. More than 50% of Americans currently live within 50 miles of the shoreline, but the figure is pr... ...ions Must Be Repealed.† www.mcaffre_se@leg.wa.gov (2001). Spencer, H. (2000). â€Å"Seawalls Bring on Raging Debate in Washington State.† www.beachbrowser.com â€Å"Development-Protecting Seawalls Debated.† www.hosey-chehalis river council index.html Rhinehart, J. and J. Pompe (1997). â€Å"Entrepreneurship and Coastal Resource Management.† The Independent Review, vol. 1, No. 4. pp.543-559. Skousen, Mark (1999). â€Å"The Battle for Diamond Head: A Case for Market Failure?† The Freeman. Works Cited â€Å"Coping With Shoreline Erosion in the Caribbean.† http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/cosalc/shore-ero.htm. Online. Available. 23 March 2002. Nepf, Heidi. â€Å"Longshore Drift.† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. â€Å"Streambank and Shoreline Erosion Management Measure.† http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter 6/ch6-4.html. Online. Available. 23 March 2002.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Alternative Floor Polisher

â€Å"Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor Polisher† RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND In present times, every establishment always use floor polishers for it may look presentable and fabulous to walk on. They are using commercialized floor polishers which are made from synthetic ingredients which has a bad door. Since it uses petroleum as it's basis it is also flammable which makes it dangerous to human health and may cause some hazards like fires. There are many advocacies promoting environment preservation and restoration. This may help in these advocacies.Because the main ingredient was just soap banana peel so that will lessen the production of biodegradable garbage. Many articles and pamphlets say that banana peel is effective in shining and smoothening surfaces like shoes made up of leather. The product will cost lesser than those of commercial because only the tools and some additives are need to be bought, so we can assume convenience to those who will buy our product. Therefor e we can conclude that this research will/ maybe be a huge success and buyers will surely be satisfied on what will be the performance of the said product.It may also emit the old tradition of just throwing banana peel instead they can collect it and donate for us to transform it into a more useful and effective product which happen to be the banana floor polisher. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main problem of this proposed study is to test the effectiveness of Banana Peel as an alternative floor polisher. Specifically it attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. Is banana peel as an alternative floor polisher effective? 2. What are the qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher? . What is the significant difference between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher? 4. What are the advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher? 5. What is the average amount of bana na peel to make an alternative floor polisher? HYPOTHESIS Based on the research questions identified, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis. 1. There is no effectiveness of Banana Peel as floor wax or an alternative floor polisher. 2.There are no qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher. 3. There is no significant difference between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher. 4. There are no advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher. 5. There is no average amount of banana peel to polish a 1m2 floor area. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Effectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor PolisherTypes of Banana Peel to be used Banana Peel Amount of Banana Peel to be used as an Alternative Floor Polisher Control Variable Paradigm of the independent, dependent, intervening and control variables on the eff ectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor Polisher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY These days, all establishments like houses, stores, apartments and others have these kinds of floor which are needed to be shine and polish to make it presentable and clean. Nowadays, many buildings are being constructed such s schools, factories, municipalities, offices, churches and etc. It is good to have a building if the floor is smooth to walk on. The significance of this study is to help lessen the buying the expensive floor polishers. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher will help people especially the one who is cleaning their houses especially the floorings which are need to be shine or polish. These past few years, cleaning materials and products are so expensive to buy from stores and groceries to lessen the money we spend on commercialized floor polishers.We will make or use a natural floor polisher that is made up of natural ingredients. This study will be the answer to common cleaning problems. Banana Peel as an alternative floor polisher will be the nature's answers to the common problems. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher is good to your health not like the commercialized floor polisher that is made up of chemical substances that can harm your health. This product is cheap and eco-friendly. In making this product, materials are easy to find and it will not damage our environment.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Podiatrist essays

Podiatrist essays Podiatrist The job I picked is a podiatrist (foot doctor). Education/training requirements You need at least 3 years of college, and most applicants have a bachelors degree. In colleges of podiatry students take a 4-year program leading to the degree of doctor of podiatric medicine (D.M.P.). All states require that podiatrists be licensed. Getting the job Most podiatrists go into private practice. Some newly licensed podiatrists start their own businesses. Others start by working as assistants in the offices of established podiatrists. Others take salaried jobs until they have enough experience to open their own business. Working conditions Podiatrists generally set their own working conditions. Most work about 40 hours a week, often including some evenings and Saturday hours. Schedules are flexible, and some podiatrists work part-time. Podiatrists need good vision and steady nerves. They must work well with their hands. They must have an aptitude for scientific and technical activities. They should have good business sense and the ability to deal with all kinds of people. Requirements A high school student should take as many courses in biology, zoology, in organic and organic chemistry, and as much physics and math as possible to determine an interest in this field. The profession requires a scientific mind, a good business sense, and an ability to put patients at ease. Employment Opportunities Podiatrists held about 14,000 jobs in 1998. Most podiatrists are solo in business, although more are entering partnership practices. Others are employed in hospitals, nursing homes, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the Department o ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Why VPNs Are Popular Today Essay Example

Why VPNs Are Popular Today Essay Example Why VPNs Are Popular Today Essay Why VPNs Are Popular Today Essay Essay Topic: Popular One of the main reasons why VPNs are so popular is because of their ability to unblock geo-blocked access. If you have ever tried to access Netflix while being abroad, then you might had a frustrating experience. The Region blocks Netflix does enforce can lead to disappointment when your eager to consume your latest dosage of your favorite drama or movie. With the use of a VPN you can bypass this access restriction that under normal circumstances you would not be able to reach due to your location, one of the examples would be getting the USA Netflix in the UK and the expected access to all extra features and content. Some countries like China do block Netflix in its entirety, and the only user friendly way around this restriction is the use of a VPN. One should remember that Netflix does have a reason for this access restriction and imposing local content restrictions. This can range from licensing rights and different broadcasting laws in each destination to simply server capacity reasons. Therefor Netflix does forbid the use of VPNs in their terms and conditions and does fight a constant uphill battle with VPN providers. Now that brings up the question what is the best VPN for Netflix? Most providers have given up the fight against Netflix unblocking so all you will see is a proxy error advising you to turn of your VPN if you would like to watch their content. A few lone VPNs, which we will recommended below, are updating and to be confirmed that they do still work with Netflix. Each and every does offer a whole bunch of options and price plans so there are still some main factors to consider. 1.) It is always a good idea to look for a provider that offers a good return or money back policy. Should Netflix change something once again or VPN provider does stop supporting Netflix then at least you can recover your hard earned money. 2.) How is my data safety and my privacy handled? Not even since the European change in Cookie law does this topic come up in the media more and more very frequently. Among the desirable features is a good encryption and a not keeping any logs policy. 3.) How is their support? A decent support range of mobile devices, and hopefully native clients for iOS/Android, will obviously come in handy for watching Netflix on the go. In addition to this technical difficulties could ruin your experience and those problems can be various and plenty. Therefor a good and friendly plus knowledgeable support is a must have. 4.) The download speed and server coverage should be top notch. To stream a video is a data intensive activity, and you will need high performance levels to avoid the video being stuck or the oh so famous buffering and loading screen. This is even of more vital important when watching any HD or 4K content. Having a wealth of servers is vital in this as you will have to find the one that can offer you the best viewing experience. To conclude the best VPNs that allow you to keep your Netflix.

Monday, November 4, 2019

€œWe see and understand things not as they are but as we Essay

â‚ ¬Ã…“We see and understand things not as they are but as we are.â‚ ¬Ã¯ ¿ ½ Discuss this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing - Essay Example Empiricism is the theory that knowledge can only be gained from actual perceptions. It is an extension of the Aristotelian theory that human mind is a blank slate (or in Aristotle’s words – â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, an empty tablet) and only experience can bring in knowledge. This was later expounded in the 17th century by a number of philosophers like, Locke. As per this theory, only the sensory experiences allow us to understand the world. Soon it could be seen that experiences and sensations, by themselves, cannot explain most of the things like religion, philosophical concepts etc. It was therefore necessary to add an element of inductive inference from the actual sensory perception to convert it into knowledge. This is, by definition, a deviation from the pure empiricism as the inductive inference that a human being makes is dependent on the habits and beliefs of the person in question. Knowledge thus ceases to be an absolute entity anymore and is dependent on the person acquiring the belief. Rationalism states that reason is the fundamental building block of our knowledge. It does not ignore the physical sensory perceptions but argues that the reason in the human mind is responsible for co-relating the events into knowledge. The most famous exponent of this theory was Rene Descartes. His â€Å"cogito ergo sum† or â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is probably the simplest definition of rationalism – where the process of thinking of an individual becomes the keystone of his knowledge. As Babich and Cohen tells us in regard to Descartes that â€Å"because he assumes that the intellect is naturally the same in all humans, everyone can participate in this knowledge if they can think† (Babich and Cohen, p.53). Rationalism is based on certain specific concepts like the intuition/ deduction theory, the innate knowledge theory and the innate concept theory. The intuition/ deduction theory tells us that knowledge

Friday, November 1, 2019

Diabetes type 2 treatment and prevention Research Paper

Diabetes type 2 treatment and prevention - Research Paper Example 2011). This brings us to the question; what is diabetes? Bethesda, M. (2008) describes diabetes as a disorder that affects the way the body utilizes digested food for energy and growth. Candib, L. (2007) says that biological factors contribute to the offspring chances of getting diabetes. Tuomilehto, et al (2011) says that the good news is that diabetes may be prevented despite it being a hereditary disease, evidence proves that diabetes may be delayed or prevented in persons at high risk (those with impaired glucose regulation). Clinical research has proved that those at risk of developing diabetes have a 50% chance of not developing it provided they follow a healthy lifestyle; this includes a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy body weight and increasing the level of physical activity. Frank, B. (2011) suggests that obesity and overweight are the leading contributors to diabetes. He says that the majority of adults in the developing countries is affected the most. Tuomilehto, et al, (2011) suggests that obesity can be prevented or reduced by encouraging people to do physical exercise, improving on their eating habits; this may be achieved by eating smaller portions and choosing healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables and by eating boiled foods that have less cholesterol and change of lifestyle;. He further suggests the following as ways of preventing obesity; change of family eating habits and activities rather than focusing on weight reduction. Parents should act as role models for their children; they may do this by eating healthy and increasing their level of physical exercise Bethesda, M. (2008) says that in addition to being obese and overweight the age of above 45 years is also a risk factor for developing diabetes. He further suggests those with the age of above 45 years should go for regular medical checkups, which should be repeated at least every 3

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Enviromental Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviromental Science - Essay Example Biodiversity on the other hand is the variation of life forms and species within a given ecosystem (Spicer, 2009) If the need for biodiversity is not met there will be imbalance on the environment. The extraction of minerals has negative impacts on the environment in that it destroys the natural beauty of the environment. Extraction of minerals leaves behind large pits that act as water collection points which turn out to be breeding grounds for disease causing organisms according to Spicer (2009). Also during mining there is a lot of pollution from dust and bad smell. Energy resources may pollute the environment like it was the case in oil mining by the BP Company. Meat production involves rearing of animals and subsequent slaughter. The waste products from the animals if not dumped correctly leads to pollution of the environment. The slaughter houses produce an awful smell that is not friendly to the environment. Recycling of materials greatly contributes to environmental conservation. Also the by products of some of the companies can act as inputs to other companies for example the sugar companies and the molasses companies. During the semester I have gained a lot in regard to environmental conservation and the measures necessary to eradicate environmental pollution. One can engage in planting of trees, environmental conservation advocacy and educating the public on the need for environmental

Monday, October 28, 2019

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay The politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana period – that is, after WWII – the United States is known to have helped the world establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, ‘hegemony,’ is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, â€Å"hegeisthai,† meaning â€Å"to lead† (â€Å"What is Hegemony,† 2007). In the ancient Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (â€Å"What is Hegemony†). Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in International Relations: â€Å"One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). † Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period. The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a â€Å"material condition† enabling a â€Å"great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). † Also according to the author, the Western world’s hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the â€Å"internal behaviour† of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of â€Å"internal behaviour† induced by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization – these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones. Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the â€Å"standards of civilization,† which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. According to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars. The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the country’s â€Å"power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). † During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36). Pressures were exerted through â€Å"conditionality,† that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a â€Å"key currency,† both â€Å"before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). † This allowed the U. S. to be â€Å"less restrained† than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson). Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson; Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an â€Å"alliance of states† – in other words, NATO – which was committed to the â€Å"containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). † In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2008). If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of ‘Pax’ is ‘Peace’). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States. Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramsci’s definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The fact that the United States’ decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallerstein’s (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War. Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was â€Å"revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). † This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the â€Å"liberation of man† and the â€Å"survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). † Hence, Gramsci’s definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation. According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to â€Å"allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). † These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with â€Å"dominant ideologies,† thereby creating â€Å"a state of domination (Hainsworth). † Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature. In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas. The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramsci’s definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world. The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana – if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War – were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States. As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies. References Beck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe: Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire: Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.